From: Cross-cultural validation of the German and Turkish versions of the PHQ-9: an IRT approach
 | DIF related to languagea | DIF related to ethnicity and migration backgroundb | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | Totalc | Slope parameterd | Location parameterse | Totalc | Slope parameterd | Location parameterse |
1. Anhedonia | 10.9* | 6.4* | 4.5 | 2.2 | 0.4 | 1.8 |
2. Depressed mood | 4.3 | 0.5 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 0.3 | 3.7 |
3. Sleep problems | 8.3 | 0.1 | 8.3* | 5.3 | 0.4 | 4.9 |
4. Low energy | 11.2* | 0.0 | 11.2* | 2.8 | 0.1 | 2.7 |
5. Appetite changes | 19.7*** | 3.3 | 16.4*** | 14.8** | 0.3 | 14.5** |
6. Low self-esteem | 3.6 | 0.3 | 3.3 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 |
7. Concentration difficulties | 5.1 | 0.2 | 4.8 | 18.7*** | 6.8** | 12.0** |
8. Psychomotor changes | 4.2 | 0.0 | 4.2 | 1.9 | 0.1 | 1.9 |
9. Suicidal ideation | 5.6 | 0.4 | 4.2 | 3.0 | 0.3 | 2.7 |