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Table 3 Frequency and distribution of depressive symptoms by exposure status among men

From: Prevalence and severity of depressive symptoms in relation to rural-to-urban migration in India: a cross-sectional study

Variable

Men

Total (N)

Rural-urban migrants

(N,%)

Urban residents (N,%)

Rural residents (N,%)

P-value a

Presence Of Individual Symptoms: b

 Decreased Interest Or Pleasure

66

23 (9.5)

8 (10.5)

35 (23.3)

0.001

 Depressed Mood

35

14 (5.8)

6 (7.9)

15 (10.0)

0.41

 Insomnia Or Hypersomnia

44

18 (7.4)

8 (10.5)

18 (12.0)

0.22

 Fatigue Or Loss Of Energy

42

15 (6.2)

9 (11.8)

18 (12.0)

0.05

 Poor Appetite Or Overeating

37

11 (4.6)

4 (5.3)

22 (14.7)

0.004

 Feelings Of Worthlessness Or Inappropriate Guilt

15

4 (1.7)

3 (3.9)

8 (5.3)

0.46

 Diminished Ability To Think Or Concentrate

14

5 (2.1)

2 (2.6)

7 (4.7)

0.30

 Psychomotor Retardation Or Agitation

17

6 (2.5)

3 (4.0)

8 (5.3)

0.16

 Thoughts Of Death Or Suicide Or Self-Harm

10

2 (0.8)

2 (2.6)

6 (4.0)

0.06

Overall Severity Of Symptoms:

 None/Minimal Symptoms

441

230 (95.0)

73 (96.1)

138 (92.0)

0.24

 Mild To Severe Symptoms c

27

12 (5.0)

3 (3.9)

12 (8.0)

Presence Of Any Depressive Disorder d

15

6 (2.5)

1 (1.3)

8 (5.3)

Na e

Total

468

242

76

150

 
  1. a Evidence for a difference across exposure groups; P-values derived from likelihood ratio tests based on logistic regression with random effects to account for sib-pair correlations; age-adjusted
  2. b according to the patient health questionnaire
  3. c Including 3 men without current symptoms but on anti-depressant medication
  4. d Including major depression and other depressive disorders
  5. e Not applicable (scarcity of data)