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Table 2 Baseline characteristics of the sample comparing participants who chose the email-based exercise program (intervention group) and participants who only filled in the questionnaire (control group)

From: The effectiveness of email-based exercises in promoting psychological wellbeing and healthy lifestyle: a two-year follow-up study

 

Intervention group (N = 42 761)

Control group (N = 30 293)

χ2 or t-test

P

Phi or eta squared

Age (mean (SD))

47.5 (13.0)

48.5 (14.4)

−9.76

0.000

0.001

Sex

     

 Men (N (%))

10784 (25.2 %)

9790 (32.3 %)

441.6

0.000

0.078

 Women (N (%))

31977 (74.8 %)

20503 (67.7 %)

   

Education years (mean (SD))

15.3 (3.7)

14.7 (3.9)

23.2

0.000

0.007

Current main activity

     

 Employed (N (%))

34946 (82.6 %)

22840 (76.3 %)

432.8

0.000

−0.077

 Othera (N (%))

7382 (17.4 %)

7106 (23.7 %)

   

In relationship

     

 Yes (N (%))

33213 (78.7 %)

23091 (77.2 %)

22.9

0.000

−0.018

 No (N (%))

9009 (21.3 %)

6833 (22.8 %)

   

Confidence in the future (mean (SD))

5.21 (1.51)

5.34 (1.44)

−11.8

0.000

0.002

Gratitude (mean (SD))

5.69 (1.35)

5.76 (1.30)

−7.51

0.000

0.001

Stress (mean (SD))

2.29 (0.70)

2.16 (0.69)

24.8

0.000

0.008

Binge drinking weekly

     

 Yes (N (%))

3612 (15.3 %)

4836 (14.3 %)

10.1

0.001

−0.013

 No (N (%))

19996 (84.7 %)

28882 (85.7 %)

   

Daily smoking (N, %)

     

 Yes (N (%))

4905 (11.6 %)

4190 (14.0 %)

89.0

0.000

−0.035

 No (N (%))

37395 (88.4 %)

25833 (86.0 %)

   

Physical exercise at least 3 h/week

     

 Yes (N (%))

26555 (62.6 %)

19788 (65.9 %)

80.2

0.000

−0.033

 No (N (%))

15857 (37.4 %)

10260 (34.1 %)

   

Daily use of vegetables and/or fruits

     

 Yes (N (%))

35587 (83.4 %)

24833 (82.2 %)

18.8

0.000

0.016

 No (N (%))

7072 (16.6 %)

5379 (17.8 %)

   
  1. aGroup “Other” includes unemployed, students, retired or those managing their own household or taking care of family members