Sex stereotypes influence adults’ perception of babies’ cries

BMC Psychology

Table 6 LMMs testing the effect of experimental factors on ratings of cry discomfort

Source	df ₁ , df ₂	F	p
a. Rating of natural cries
Intercept	1, 1806	38.42	<0.0005
Participant sex	1, 1806	2.14	0.144
Declared baby sex	1, 1806	0.05	0.816
Pitch	1, 1767	39.22	<0.0005
Participant sex * Declared baby sex	1, 1806	1.90	0.168
Participant sex * Pitch	1, 1767	2.21	0.138
Declared baby sex * Pitch	1, 1767	0.40	0.529
Participant sex * Declared baby sex * Pitch	1, 1767	2.49	0.115
b. Rating of re-synthesised cries
Intercept	1, 73	2453.91	<0.0005
Participant sex	1, 73	0.08	0.784
Declared baby sex	1, 73	2.12	0.152
Pitch	4, 7376	188.79	<0.0005
Participant sex * Declared baby sex	1, 73	1.53	0.219
Participant sex * Pitch	4, 7376	4.86	0.001
Declared baby sex * Pitch	4, 7376	2.12	0.075
Participant sex * Declared baby sex * Pitch	4, 7376	2.51	0.040

Linear mixed models (LMM) testing main and interaction effects of participant sex, declared baby sex, cry Pitch (=mean F0) on participants’ ratings of discomfort (7 point Likert scale). (a) Natural cries: LMM includes participant identity as subject variable, and actual baby’s sex as a random factor. (b) Re-synthesised cries: LMM includes participant identity as subject variable, and baby identity (actual baby’s sex) as nested random factors

ISSN: 2050-7283