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Table 1 Non-motor, cognitive, and physiological outcomes means, standard errors, and effects by writing condition and timepoint

From: Randomized controlled expressive writing pilot in individuals with Parkinson’s disease and their caregivers

 

Expressive writing

Neutral writing

Outcome mean (SE)

Pre

Post

4 M

10 M

Pre

Post

4 M

10 M

Effects

F value

p value

η 2

Self-reported non-motor functioning

MAQ

48.16 (2.35)

46.86 (2.03)

45.48 (2.14)

46.51 (1.99)

48.11 (2.48)

45.90 (2.15)

43.94 (2.26)

44.18 (2.10)

Time

3.65

.016*

.13

Time X Condition

.40

.75

.02

BDI-II

6.70 (1.46)

4.53 (.98)

5.99 (1.27)

6.03 (1.10)

6.20 (1.54)

4.66 (1.04)

4.65 (1.34)

5.03 (1.16)

Time

2.53

.064**

.09

Time X Condition

.45

.720

.02

AS

9.66 (1.12)

10.35 (1.25)

10.76 (1.27)

11.06 (1.37)

8.98 (1.18)

6.94 (1.32)

8.10 (1.34)

8.60 (1.44)

Time

.76

.521

.03

Time X Condition

1.03

.383

.04

LASA

8.19 (.40)

8.63 (.36)

8.53 (.53)

7.89 (.52)

7.95 (.42)

8.31 (.38)

8.41 (.55)

7.68 (.55)

Time

2.01

.120

.07

Time X Condition

.17

.916

.01

ECOG

66.03 (5.75)

57.97 (2.95)

61.05 (4.19)

57.88 (4.31)

51.63 (6.82)

48.81 (3.50)

48.94 (4.97)

51.31 (5.12)

Time

1.94

.132

.08

Time X Condition

1.02

.387

.04

PD-NMS (N = 19)

6.73 (1.34)

7.46 (1.04)

6.55 (1.35)

8.27 (1.35)

9.88 (1.57)

8.00 (1.22)

8.75 (1.59)

10.38 (1.58)

Time

2.02

.122

.11

Time X Condition

.98

.408

.06

PDQ-39 (N = 19)

18.73 (5.16)

20.46 (5.47)

20.64 (4.70)

23.91 (5.40)

23.75 (6.06)

20.63 (4.42)

23.00 (5.51)

22.63 (6.33)

Time

.55

.652

.03

Time X Condition

.77

.516

.04

ZBI (N = 10)

7.20 (2.00)

5.20 (1.45)

7.40 (2.03)

7.00 (2.02)

7.40 (2.00)

4.40 (1.45)

4.20 (2.03)

4.80 (2.02)

Time

1.88

.160

.19

Time X Condition

1.00

.409

.11

Cognitive performance

Trails A

47.06 (2.88)

50.85 (2.91)

52.71 (2.49)

52.33 (3.23)

50.60 (2.82)

51.09 (2.84)

50.58 (2.43)

52.19 (3.16)

Time

1.52

.218

.06

Time X Condition

.94

.426

.04

Trails B

51.64 (2.57)

54.25 (3.16)

54.74 (3.58)

52.03 (3.74)

51.14 (2.51)

51.85 (3.09)

54.95 (3.49)

57.13 (3.65)

Time

2.14

.102

.08

Time X Condition

2.14

.102

.08

ACT

46.42 (1.59)

47.91 (1.69)

48.23 (1.72)

48.63 (1.95)

44.75 (1.56)

47.76 (1.65)

46.58 (1.68)

48.20 (1.91)

Time

2.58

.060**

.10

Time X Condition

.56

.642

.02

DS

11.49 (.68)

10.69 (.69)

11.75 (.65)

11.99 (.63)

12.00 (.66)

12.36 (.68)

11.50 (.63)

11.78 (.62)

Time

.28

.838

.01

Time X Condition

2.43

.072**

.09

LNS (N = 18)

11.70 (.72)

12.27 (1.01)

11.88 (.73)

11.73 (.84)

8.70 (.95)

10.75 (1.35)

9.80 (.97)

9.35 (1.12)

Time

1.56

.214

.10

Time X Condition

.48

.700

.03

CVLT-II

 Trials 1–5 T

55.92 (3.84)

58.32 (3.33)

57.46 (3.62)

60.15 (3.38)

53.53 (3.75)

57.24 (3.25)

58.93 (3.54)

58.70 (3.30)

Time

2.86

.043*

.11

Time X Condition

.49

.691

.02

 CVLT-II Short Delay Free Recall

.17 (.36)

.44 (.35)

.48 (.45)

.31 (.35)

-.21 (.35)

.54 (.34)

.38 (.44)

.86 (.34)

Time

3.54

.019*

.13

Time X Condition

1.91

.135

.07

 CVLT-II Long Delay Free Recall

-.14 (.35)

.40 (.30)

.28 (.41)

.39 (.34)

.10 (.34)

.69 (.29)

.51 (.40)

.89 (.33)

Time

5.76

.001*

.19

Time X Condition

.28

.841

.01

 CVLT-II Recognition

-.11 (.36)

.22 (.33)

.38 (.37)

.44 (.35)

.23 (.35)

.09 (.32)

.54 (.36)

.50 (.35)

Time

2.58

.060**

.10

Time X Condition

.56

.642

.02

Salivary cortisol (μg/dL, values represent mean levels across 60 min post waking)

Type III Tests of Fixed Effects

F value

p

 

Full sample (N = 25)

.33 (.11)

.29 (.11)

.35 (.11)

.40 (.11)

.36 (.11)

.54 (.12)

.64 (.12)

.65 (.13)

Time

1.08

.366

 

Time X Condition

.88

.456

Time X Condition X Status

2.78

.049*

Patients (N = 16)

.28 (.12)

.23 (.12)

.32 (.13)

.29 (.12)

.37 (.13)

.73 (.13)

.43 (.14)

.63 (.15)

Time

1.31

.288

Time X Condition

2.62

.067**

Caregivers, (N = 9)

.38 (.20)

.34 (.20)

.37 (.20)

.50 (.20)

.34 (.20)

.35 (.20)

.84 (.22)

.66 (.22)

Time

1.34

.287

Time X Condition

1.24

.319

  1. N = 29 for all analyses unless otherwise specified
  2. Alpha level is designated as *p <.05, and **p <.10 designates a marginally significant trend
  3. η2 = proportion of variance accounted for by each effect (e.g., .31 = 31 %)
  4. Interpretation of η2 effect sizes should be as follows: ≥ .02 = small effect, ≥ .13 = medium effect, ≥ .26 = large effect
  5. Outcome abbreviations are as follows: MAQ multidimensional anxiety questionnaire, BDI-II Beck Depression Inventory-II, AS apathy scale, LASA linear analogue self assessment, ECOG everyday cognition scale, PD-NMS Parkinson’s disease non-motor symptom questionnaire, PDQ-39 Parkinson’s disease quality of life-39, ZBI Zarit Burden inventory, ACT auditory consonant trigrams, DS digit span, LNS letter number sequencing, CVLT-II California verbal learning test-II, CAR cortisol awakening response