Table 5 Associations between and lifestyle, personal characteristics, peer group and parental relations at age 15 and being bullied at work age 18. Odds ratios (OR) obtained by logistic regression with 95 % confidence intervals
From: Bullied at school, bullied at work: a prospective study
| Â | Â | Model 1 Bivariate | Model 2aAdjusted for covariates in same domain | Model 3aAdjusted for covariates in same domain and bullying | Model 4** Forward stepwise selection |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Â | OR (95 % CI) | OR (95 % CI) | OR (95 % CI) | OR (95 % CI) |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Girls | Ref | 1.00 |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Boys |  | 2.39 (1.68-3.41) |  | 2.11 (1.44-3.09) | 2.23 (1.48-3.35) |
Lifestyle factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Body Mass Index |  |  |  |  |  |
 Underweight |  | 1.05 (0.32-3.47) | 1.07 (0.32-3.55) | 0.95 (0.28-3.23) | 0.84 (0.24-2.95) |
 Normal weight | Ref | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Overweight |  | 1.95 (1.17-3.23) | 1.94 (1.17-3.23) | 1.84 (1.10-3.09) | 1.77 (1.04-3.02) |
 Obesity |  | 2.04 (0.84-4.96) | 2.14 (0.88-5.22) | 1.76 (0.71-4.35) | 1.43 (0.56-3.64) |
 Smoking |  |  |  |  |  |
 Does not smoke | Ref | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Smoke |  | 1.98 (1.02-3.85) | 2.16 (1.10-4.24) | 2.23 (1.12-4.43) | 1.97 (0.94-4.11) |
Social position in peer group | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 School performance |  |  |  |  |  |
 School performance above median | Ref. | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | removed |
 School performance below median |  | 1.33 (0.91-1.94) | 1.11 (0.74-1.68) | 1.08 (0.71-1.64) |  |
 Self-assessed position in school class |  |  |  |  | removed |
 Self-assessed position in school class above median | Ref. | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |  |
 Self-assessed position in school class below median |  | 1.84 (1.24-2.73) | 1.78 (1.18-2.68) | 1.49 (0.98-2.26) |  |
Parental relations | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Over-protection |  |  |  |  |  |
 Parents less over-protective than median | Ref. | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | removed |
 Parents more over-protective than median |  | 1.40 (0.97-2.02) | 1.11 (0.75-1.64) | 1.03 (0.69-1.54) |  |
 Family Functioning |  |  |  |  |  |
 Family functioning above median | Ref. | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | removed |
 Family Functioning below median |  | 2.03 (1.37-3.01) | 1.95 (1.29-2.95) | 1.87 (1.23-2.85) | 1.69 (1.10-2.59) |
Personal psychological characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Self-esteem | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Self-esteem above median | Ref. | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Self-esteem below median |  | 1.65 (1.11-2.45) | 1.37 (0.90-2.10) | 1.29 (0.84-2.00) | 1.60 (1.03-2.49) |
Sense of coherence (meaningfulness) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Sense of coherence above median | Ref. | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | removed |
 Sense of coherence below median |  | 1.99 (1.36-2.91) | 1.70 (1.13-2.57) | 1.56 (1.03-2.37) |  |
Active coping | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Active coping above median | Ref. | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | removed |
 Active coping below median |  | 1.40 (0.96-2.05) | 1.13 (0.75-1.71) | 1.09 (0.72-1.64) |  |
Avoidance coping | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Avoidance coping below median | Ref. | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | removed |
 Avoidance coping above median |  | 1.32 (0.90-1.92) | 1.17 (0.79-1.74) | 1.14 (0.76-1.69) |  |
Socioeconomic status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Household income 2003 |  |  |  |  |  |
 Lowest tertile |  | 2.06 (1.29-3.28) | 1.89 (1.15-3.11) | 1.64 (0.96-2.80) | 1.54 (0.89-2.67) |
 Middle tertile |  | 2.17 (1.41-3.33) | 2.16 (1.39-3.36) | 1.95 (1.22-3.10) | 2.10 (1.30-3.39) |
 Highest tertile | Ref. | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Household highest attained education 2003 |  |  |  |  | removed |
 <10 year |  | 1.83 (1.07-3.11) | 1.44 (0.81-2.55) | 1.39 (0.73-2.65) |  |
 10-12 years |  | 1.13 (0.77-1.66) | 0.94 (0.63-1.40) | 1.01 (0.66-1.55) |  |
 >13 years | Ref. | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |  |
Being bullied at age 14–15 |  |  |  |  |  |
 Not being bullied at age 14–15 |  |  |  |  | 1.00 |
 Being bullied at age 14–15 |  |  |  |  | 2.09 (1.39-3.14) |
 Hosmer-Lemeshow Goodness-of-fit |  |  |  |  | Chi-square 166.26 = 0.48) |
 Nagelkerke Pseudo R2 |  |  |  |  | 0.09 |