Table 4 Associations between and lifestyle, personal characteristics, peer group and parental relations at age 15 and being bullied at school age 18. Odds ratios (OR) obtained by logistic regression with 95 % confidence intervals
From: Bullied at school, bullied at work: a prospective study
| Model 1 Bivariate | Model 2a Adjusted for covariates in same domain | Model 3a Adjusted for covariates in same domain and bullying | Model 4** Forward stepwise selection | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95 % CI) | OR (95 % CI) | OR (95 % CI) | ||
| Gender | |||||
| Girls | Ref | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Boys | 1.36 (1.04-1.76) | 1.37 (1.04-1.82) | 1.40 (1.04-1.89) | ||
| Lifestyle factors | |||||
| Body Mass Index | |||||
| Underweight | 1.18 (0.53-2.66) | 1.18 (0.53-2.65) | 1.17 (0.51-2.68) | removed | |
| Normal weight | Ref | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Overweight | 1.35 (0.88-2.06) | 1.35 (0.89-2.07) | 1.22 (0.79-1.89) | ||
| Obesity | 2.27 (1.17-4.41) | 2.37 (1.17-4.40) | 1.68 (0.85-3.33) | ||
| Smoking | |||||
| Does not smoke | Ref | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | removed |
| Smoke | 1.14 (0.73-1.77) | 0.98 (0.46-2.08) | 0.95 (0.44-2.06) | ||
| Social position in peer group | |||||
| School performance | |||||
| School performance above median | Ref. | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | removed |
| School performance below median | 1.26 (0.95-1.67) | 1.06 (0.78-1.43) | 1.04 (0.76-1.42) | ||
| Self-assessed position in schoolat school class | removed | ||||
| Self-assessed position in school at school class above median | Ref. | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Self-assessed position in school at school class below median | 1.49 (1.12-1.99) | 1.46 (1.08-1.98) | 1.18 (0.86-1.62) | ||
| Parental relations | |||||
| Over-protection | |||||
| Parents less over-protective than median | Ref. | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Parents more over-protective than median | 1.70 (1.29-2.25) | 1.52 (1.12-2.06) | 1.41 (1.03-1.92) | 1.46 (1.08-1.95) | |
| Family Functioning | |||||
| Family functioning above median | Ref. | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | removed |
| Family Functioning below median | 1.51 (1.13-2.01) | 1.25 (0.92-1.70) | 1.14 (0.83-1.56) | ||
| Personal psychological characteristics | |||||
| Self-esteem | |||||
| Self-esteem above median | Ref. | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Self-esteem below median | 1.66 (1.23-2.22) | 1.51 (1.10-2.06) | 1.33 (0.97-1.84) | 1.41 (1.03-1.94) | |
| Sense of coherence (meaningfulness) | |||||
| Sense of coherence above median | Ref. | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | removed |
| Sense of coherence below median | 1.55 (1.17-2.05) | 1.38 (1.02-1.87) | 1.25 (0.92-1.70) | ||
| Active coping | |||||
| Active coping above median | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | removed | |
| Active coping below median | 1.17 (0.88-1.55) | 0.95 (0.70-1.29) | 0.94 (0.69-1.28) | ||
| Avoidance coping | |||||
| Avoidance coping below median | Ref. | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | removed |
| Avoidance coping above median | 1.39 (1.04-1.84) | 1.27 (0.95-1.71) | 1.20 (0.89-1.63) | ||
| Socioeconomic status | |||||
| Household income 2003 | removed | ||||
| Lowest tertile | 1.45 (1.03-2.03) | 1.32 (0.92-1.89) | 1.18 (0.80-1.74) | ||
| Middle tertile | 1.40 (1.03-1.90) | 1.38 (1.01-1.90) | 1.25 (0.90-1.76) | ||
| Highest tertile | Ref | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Household highest attained education 2003 | removed | ||||
| <10 year | 1.65 (1.09-2.49) | 1.47 (0.94-2.29) | 1.50 (0.92-2.43) | ||
| 10-12 years | 1.03 (0.77-1.37) | 0.95 (0.71-1.28) | 0.93 (0.68-1.27) | ||
| >13 years | Ref | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Being bullied at age 14–15 | |||||
| Not being bullied at age 14–15 | Ref | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Being bullied at age 14–15 | 3.14 (2.34-4.23) | ||||
| Hosmer-Lemeshow Goodness-of-fit | Chi-square 23.44 = 0.02) | ||||
| Nagelkerke Pseudo R2 | 0.06 |