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Table 4 Associations between and lifestyle, personal characteristics, peer group and parental relations at age 15 and being bullied at school age 18. Odds ratios (OR) obtained by logistic regression with 95 % confidence intervals

From: Bullied at school, bullied at work: a prospective study

  

Model 1 Bivariate

Model 2a Adjusted for covariates in same domain

Model 3a Adjusted for covariates in same domain and bullying

Model 4** Forward stepwise selection

  

OR (95% CI)

OR (95 % CI)

OR (95 % CI)

OR (95 % CI)

Gender

     

 Girls

Ref

1.00

 

1.00

1.00

 Boys

 

1.36 (1.04-1.76)

 

1.37 (1.04-1.82)

1.40 (1.04-1.89)

Lifestyle factors

     

 Body Mass Index

     

 Underweight

 

1.18 (0.53-2.66)

1.18 (0.53-2.65)

1.17 (0.51-2.68)

removed

 Normal weight

Ref

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

 Overweight

 

1.35 (0.88-2.06)

1.35 (0.89-2.07)

1.22 (0.79-1.89)

 

 Obesity

 

2.27 (1.17-4.41)

2.37 (1.17-4.40)

1.68 (0.85-3.33)

 

 Smoking

     

 Does not smoke

Ref

1.00

1.00

1.00

removed

 Smoke

 

1.14 (0.73-1.77)

0.98 (0.46-2.08)

0.95 (0.44-2.06)

 

Social position in peer group

     

School performance

     

 School performance above median

Ref.

1.00

1.00

1.00

removed

 School performance below median

 

1.26 (0.95-1.67)

1.06 (0.78-1.43)

1.04 (0.76-1.42)

 

Self-assessed position in schoolat school class

    

removed

 Self-assessed position in school at school class above median

Ref.

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

 Self-assessed position in school at school class below median

 

1.49 (1.12-1.99)

1.46 (1.08-1.98)

1.18 (0.86-1.62)

 

Parental relations

     

Over-protection

     

 Parents less over-protective than median

Ref.

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Parents more over-protective than median

 

1.70 (1.29-2.25)

1.52 (1.12-2.06)

1.41 (1.03-1.92)

1.46 (1.08-1.95)

Family Functioning

     

 Family functioning above median

Ref.

1.00

1.00

1.00

removed

 Family Functioning below median

 

1.51 (1.13-2.01)

1.25 (0.92-1.70)

1.14 (0.83-1.56)

 

Personal psychological characteristics

     

Self-esteem

     

 Self-esteem above median

Ref.

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Self-esteem below median

 

1.66 (1.23-2.22)

1.51 (1.10-2.06)

1.33 (0.97-1.84)

1.41 (1.03-1.94)

Sense of coherence (meaningfulness)

     

 Sense of coherence above median

Ref.

1.00

1.00

1.00

removed

 Sense of coherence below median

 

1.55 (1.17-2.05)

1.38 (1.02-1.87)

1.25 (0.92-1.70)

 

Active coping

     

 Active coping above median

 

1.00

1.00

1.00

removed

 Active coping below median

 

1.17 (0.88-1.55)

0.95 (0.70-1.29)

0.94 (0.69-1.28)

 

Avoidance coping

     

 Avoidance coping below median

Ref.

1.00

1.00

1.00

removed

 Avoidance coping above median

 

1.39 (1.04-1.84)

1.27 (0.95-1.71)

1.20 (0.89-1.63)

 

Socioeconomic status

     

 Household income 2003

    

removed

 Lowest tertile

 

1.45 (1.03-2.03)

1.32 (0.92-1.89)

1.18 (0.80-1.74)

 

 Middle tertile

 

1.40 (1.03-1.90)

1.38 (1.01-1.90)

1.25 (0.90-1.76)

 

 Highest tertile

Ref

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

 Household highest attained education 2003

    

removed

 <10 year

 

1.65 (1.09-2.49)

1.47 (0.94-2.29)

1.50 (0.92-2.43)

 

 10-12 years

 

1.03 (0.77-1.37)

0.95 (0.71-1.28)

0.93 (0.68-1.27)

 

 >13 years

Ref

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

Being bullied at age 14–15

     

 Not being bullied at age 14–15

Ref

  

1.00

1.00

 Being bullied at age 14–15

    

3.14 (2.34-4.23)

 Hosmer-Lemeshow Goodness-of-fit

    

Chi-square 23.44 = 0.02)

 Nagelkerke Pseudo R2

    

0.06

  1. aAdjusted for other factors in the same domain
  2. **Adjusted for all variables with a p-value < 0.20