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Table 5 Results of Ordinal logit regression analyses of sense of belonging to local communitya (Health and socio-demographic conditions)

From: Sense of belonging to local community in small-to-medium sized Canadian urban areas: a comparison of immigrant and Canadian-born residents

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

 

All respondents

Canadian-born

Immigrants

Independent variables

Odds ratios

95 % CI

Odds ratios

95 % CI

Odds ratios

95 % CI

Self-perceived health

      

 Excellent

1.261

0.93–1.70

1.15

0.81–1.64

1.63

0.90–2.98

 Very good

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Good

0.753c

0.56–0.95

0.696c

0.50–0.96

0.717

0.43–1.20

 Fair/poor

0.823

0.56–1.19

0.700

0.45–1.07

1.204

0.54–2.69

Self-perceived mental health

      

 Excellent

1.427d

1.09–1.85

1.413c

1.03–1.92

1.488c

0.87–2.55

 Very good

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Good

0.651d

0.49–0.86

0.671c

0.48–0.93

0.581c

0.33–1.01

 Fair/poor

0.505d

0.31–0.83

0.634

0.34–1.15

0.228d

0.09–0.59

Household Income

      

 Less than $20,000

0.853

0.57–1.27

0.825

0.50–1.34

1.055

0.49–2.23

 $20,000 to $39,999

0.669c

0.47–0.94

0.670a

0.44–1.01

0.638

0.33–1.20

 $40,000 to $79,999

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 $80,000 or more

1.101

0.82–1.47

1.116

0.79–1.56

1.498

0.77–2.89

 Not stated

0.961

0.70–1.30

0.950

0.66–1.36

1.062

0.57–1.98

Housing tenure

      

 Own

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Rent

0.884

0.68–1.15

0.996

0.72–1.37

0.564d

0.32–0.98

Marital status

      

 Single/never married

0.697

0.34–1.40

0.897

0.36–2.18

0.442

0.12–1.61

 Married/common law

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Separated/widowed/divorced

0.394c

0.19–0.80

0.458

0.18–1.11

0.355

0.09–1.35

Education

      

 Less than high school

1.521

0.94–2.45

1.32

0.75–2.33

2.262

0.87–5.88

 High school

0.866

0.64–1.17

0.847

0.58–1.22

0.947

0.51–1.73

 Some post-secondary

0.917

0.66–1.26

0.872

0.59–1.28

0.948

0.50–1.79

 College or trades

0.887

0.67–1.16

0.876

0.64–1.19

0.984

0.54–1.76

 University

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Employment status

      

 Working full-time

0.972

0.69–1.35

0.724

0.48–1.08

2.066d

1.10–3.85

 Working part-time

1.559c

1.03–2.34

1.370

0.82–2.27

1.988c

0.97–4.06

 Unemployed

1.227

0.66–2.26

1.187

0.54–2.58

1.640

0.56–4.72

 Retired

1.404

0.89–2.19

1.09

0.64–1.86

2.730c

1.11–6.67

 Other

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Living arrangement

      

 Unattached alone

2.022

0.97–4.19

1.544

0.63–3.84

2.746

0.68–10.92

 Unattached with others

1.323

0.65–2.71

1.066

0.43–2.62

1.616

0.43–5.96

 Couple with children

0.978

0.73–1.30

0.921

0.65–1.29

0.827

0.45–1.51

 Couple alone

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Single parent/other

1.733

0.79–3.76

1.501

0.57–3.97

1.575

0.37–6.63

Age

      

 18-24 years

0.828

0.52–1.31

0.690

0.39–1.20

1.211

0.47–3.11

 25-44 years

0.687d

0.52–0.89

0.729c

0.53–0.99

0.622

0.34–1.12

 45-64 years

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 65 years and over

1.299

0.89–1.88

1.644c

1.06–2.53

0.594

0.27–1.26

City

      

 Hamilton

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Charlottetown

1.243

0.94–1.63

1.219

0.89–1.66

1.628

0.84–3.15

 Saskatoon

0.873

0.69–1.10

0.797

0.60–1.05

1.387

0.80–2.39

Years lived in Canada

      

 5 or less

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 6 to 10

--

 

--

 

1.998

0.82–4.83

 10 or more

--

 

--

 

1.249

0.60–2.58

Observations

1,486

 

1,092

 

394

 

Pseudo R2

0.0469

 

0.0474

 

0.0890

 
  1. aThe dependent variable is sense of belonging to local community using a 4 point scale: 1-very weak, 2-somewhat weak, 3-somewhat strong, 4-very strong. The model used for estimation is Ordered Logit. Confidence intervals indicated. (b) significant at 10 %, (c) significant at 5 %, (d) significant at 1 %. Reference categories are included in the table