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Table 2 Differences between groups on traumatic exposures

From: Chronic pain in multi-traumatized outpatients with a refugee background resettled in Norway: a cross-sectional study

Variables

No Chronic pain* (n = 21) N (%)

Chronic pain* (n = 40) N (%)

Chi2

p-value

Traumatic experiences (LEC)

Natural disaster

6 (25.0)

18 (75.0)

1.557

0.275

Fire or explosion

13 (28.3)

33 (71.7)

3.150

0.117

Transportation accident

11 (27.5)

29 (72.5)

2.469

0.158

Serious accident at work or at home

9 (31.0)

20 (69.0)

0.282

0.788

Exposure to toxic substance

4 (40.0)

6 (60.0)

0.165

0.725

Physical assault

17 (32.7)

35 (67.3)

0.469

0.706

Assault with weapon

16 (34.8)

30 (65.2)

0.011

1.000

Sexual assault

7 (38.9)

11 (61.1)

0.225

0.769

Other unwanted sexual experience

5 (35.7)

9 (64.3)

0.013

1.000

Combat or exposure to a war-zone

13 (28.9)

32 (71.1)

2.330

0.220

Captivity

11 (34.4)

21 (65.6)

0.000

1.000

Life-threatening illness or injury

8 (27.8)

21 (72.4)

1.146

0.419

Severe human suffering

19 (35.2)

35 (64.8)

0.120

1.000

Sudden, violent death

13 (31.7)

28 (68.3)

0.410

0.574

Sudden, unexpected death of someone close to you

16 (31.4)

35 (68.6)

1.285

0.291

Serious injury, harm, or death you caused to someone else

2 (20.0)

8 (80.0)

1.103

0.470

Any other stressful event or experience

18 (33.3)

36 (66.7)

0.249

0.683

Total types of traumatic exposures # Mean (SD)

9 (2.6)

10 (2.8)

−1.679

0.094

  1. Exact chi-square tests were performed; (*) Chronic pain at clinical levels; (#) T-test; LEC = Life Events Checklist.