Determinants of variability in motor performance in middle childhood: a cross-sectional study of balance and motor co-ordination skills

Table 5 Associations of background characteristics with age-standardised motor co-ordination, balance and composite motor scores

Variable	Gender						Nutritional status						Area of residence
	Boys		Girls				Stunted		Not stunted				Rural		Peri-urban
	(n = 148)		(n = 160)				(n = 74)		(n = 234)				(n = 245)		(n = 63)
Balance	M	SD	M	SD	t ^a	d	M	SD	M	SD	t ^b	d	M	SD	M	SD	t ^c	d
Stork balance	-.06	.99	.05	1.00	-.96	-.11	-.23	1.00	.07	.99	-2.25*	-.30	-.00	.99	.00	1.04	-.01	-
Ball balance	-.04	.72	.18	.80	-2.60*	.29	-.08	.79	.12	.76	-1.97	-.26	.09	.80	.01	.62	.83	-.14
Hopping in squares	-.15	1.00	.15	.94	-2.70**	-.31	-.22	1.07	.08	.94	-2.34*	-.30	-.06	1.02	.27	.74	-2.94**	-.38
One board balance	-.05	.95	.05	1.04	-.86	-.10	.01	1.05	-.00	.98	.05	-	-.02	1.01	.06	.97	-.53	-.08
Motor co-ordination
Pegboard	-.05	.98	.06	.94	-.99	-.12	-.31	.95	.11	.94	-3.35**	-.44	-.01	.96	.08	.98	-.65	-.09
Bead threading	-.03	.94	.04	.98	-.64	-.07	-.16	1.11	.06	.91	-1.58	-.22	-.01	.95	.05	1.01	-.43	-.06
Bolt board	.04	.90	-.05	1.00	.83	.10	-.20	1.12	.05	.89	-1.77	-.22	-.04	.95	.13	.94	-1.29	-.18
Jumping and clapping	.06	.94	-.09	.97	1.42	.16	-.27	1.06	.06	.90	-2.46*	-.34	-.06	.98	.14	.86	-1.61	-.22
Composite scores
Balance	-.08	.61	.11	.66	-2.53*	-.30	-.13	.70	.07	.61	-2.35*	-.31	.00	.65	.09	.58	-.92	-.13
Coordination	.01	.69	-.01	.71	.21	.03	-.24	.79	.07	.65	-3.37**	-.43	-.03	.71	.10	.67	-1.32	-.19
Overall index	-.03	.55	.05	.60	-1.27	-.14	-.18	.66	.07	.53	-3.37**	-.42	-.01	.58	.09	.54	-1.31	-.18

*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001, df = 306.
^aJumping and clapping (df = 109).
^bJumping and clapping (df = 109), Bead threading (df = 106) and Bolt board (df = 103).
^cJumping and clapping (df = 107), Ball balance (df = 121) and Hopping in squares (df = 130).

ISSN: 2050-7283